Anchors

The value of having an anchor was driven home to me the day I started my motor to get out of harbour for the first sail ever in my new (for me) Tanzer 22.The motor mount plate broke sending my motor down and leaving me drifting towards fancy yachts, then beaching, in strong winds. (Luckily my motor was tied to the railing so it did not go swimming) Story here

Also luckily I had an anchor ready to set. This stopped the drift and gave me time to calm down and get help.

Even if you are not planning to anchor, having one all set up and ready to go is a major source of security on your boat.

Heavy or Light Anchors?

Anchors work in 2 ways, either they are massive and use their weight to keep the boat from drifting, OR as in most modern sailing yacht anchors, they are relatively lightweight and bury themselves in the bottom to stop the boat from moving. Some anchors are now being made of aluminium and rely almost entirely on their shape for their function.

Some Terms Related to Anchors and Anchoring

Ground Tackle

The anchors, anchor cables, and cable fittings plus the shackles used in anchoring a boat

Rode

The vessel is attached to the anchor by the rode which is made of chain, rope, cable, or a combination of these.

Scope

The ratio of the length of rode to the water depth

Up and down

An anchor chain is said to be up and down when the boat is directly above the anchor and the chain is no longer lying on the bottom.

To weigh anchor

To take on the weight of the anchor on the boat, in other words to lift the anchor from the sea floor. Similar to Anchors Aweight (not anchors away!)

An anchor is broken off the bottom

When it is lifted off the bottom. Also "broken out"

Come home

To drag

Set

To drop and position an anchor so that it holds

Changing the NIP of the anchor line

To prevent wear at the same place the anchor line is occasionally let out or taken in so that chafe is not always on the same spot on the rode.

Tripping an Anchor

Sometimes a line is attached to the opposite end of the anchor. This line is used to pull the anchor out if it is caught or fouled.

Horizontal Load

The force exerted on an anchor by the boat pulling horizontally.

Vertical Load

The force exerted on the bow of a boat by the anchor rode.

Hawsepipe

A pipe or moulding in a boats side where the anchor rode fits through the hull.

Anchors for Keel Boats

TYPE	Type of Bottom	How Does it Work	Other Information
Danforth or Fluke also called Light weight	Best in Clay, Sand and Mud	The anchor lands on the bottom flat on its side. The rod like stock extend on both sides to keep the anchor from rotating and the flat crown pieces keep the flukes in position. The anchor gradually buries itself. Can come undone if there is a large shift in the direction of pull from the boat such as in tide change. If the bottom does not allow for digging in such as hard or rocky, or weedy, then the flukes can't bury and the anchor will not set.	Mostly hight strength steel but aluminium model made by Fortress is available. Best anchor in terms of weight to strength or anchoring ratio. Easy to store because it lies flat. Very popular. The angle of the flukes is important, 32 degrees standard, more up to 45 degrees for soft mud. Both flukes should have the same angle.
Plow or CQR "se_cu_re"	Sand and stiff Mud, Grass pebble can hold in coral, less good in soft mud or clay.	When the anchor first lands, it is on its side but as it gets pulled the anchor rights itself and gradually plows into the bottom. It buries itself and holds well. Because it swivels horizontally on a hinged shaft, it resists pulling out when the direction of pull changes as when the boat shifts because of tide change. The CQR is a robust anchor often chosen by blue water cruisers as a storm anchor.	Plow anchors are bulkier to store than Danforth anchors. The hinge can get fouled and blocked and this can cause the Plow anchor to not set properly and drag or worse pull out. It is more effective in harder ground than the Danforth type anchor. Easy to pull up with a vertical pull.
Delta	Similar to CQR	See Plow Above. It does not have the swivel hinge but weight at the tip helps it set. The Delta anchor has the reputation of having stronger holding power than the Plow/CQR	Heavier and bulkier than Danforth anchors. Not having the hinge makes it easier to handle. Also makes it less expensive. Because of the shape of the plow and delta anchor it is easier to store at the bow of a boat rather than in a locker. Easy to pull up from straight overhead.
Bruce or Claw, M-Anchor	Sand or Mud, not ideal for rock	This anchor was designed for oil rigs in the North Sea. Smaller versions have found happy customers on yachts and boats everywhere. Because of the design, the Bruce or Claw anchor rights itself and quickly plows into the bottom. There is less likelyhood of this anchor pulling out but if it does the Bruce anchor resets quickly helped by the large claws. Useful when a short rode is necessary	Not easy to store in a locker, this anchor is happier at the bow. Easy to pull up from straight above like the other plow type anchors. Rarely it collects a rock in the claws and can't set.
Super Max	All	Similar to other claw/plow anchors but has adjustable fluke angle. Not a light anchor but effective.	Larger flukes and adjustable angle means that the angle can be adjusted for different bottom conditions. This leads to better holding in soft mud which is a problem with the plow and delta.
Grapnel	Coral, Stone, heavy vegetation	Grapnel type anchors are useful in coral or where the flukes can grip something. Grapnel are less useful in mud or sand. Grapnel anchors are often used in dinghies or where their light weight or small size is an asset. Folding models and grapnels that come apart are available. Not for serious anchoring unless the bottom can be hooked. Sometimes useful when there is heavy vegetation and the thin flukes can penetrate while the outside ones grab vegetation.	Grapnel anchors are often seen where there is a legal requirement for an anchor but they are not likely to be used often, such as on dinghies. Tends to snag its rode at every turn!
Mushroom Anchor	Sand and Mud, Permanent	Most often used as permanent mooring anchors. Gradually digs iself deeper and once imbedded has excellent holding ability. They are useful for anchoring racing marks. Often used in dinghies or canoes but not in larger boats. They do not hold very well.	The Mushroom Anchor does not work in weedy or rocky bottoms.
Bulwagga	Weed rock sand Mud	Better performance in weeds than many anchors. Its pointy grapnel like flukes can hold on to rocks or coral. Sliding shank (with pin that can be removed) helps retrieve anchor from difficult or fouled locations.	Triangular fins means there is no position that is bad.
Kedge, Hereshoff, Fisherman and Yachtsman	Softer bottoms, hard sand, Rocks and Coral, Vegetation.	Used for centuries they are the traditional anchor shape we are used to. Modern kedge anchors are lighter and have been adapted for specialized use. Sharp bills and small flukes hold better in hard sand. Broader flukes and larger arms hold better in soft bottoms or rocks and coral. Kedge anchors are often used successfully in heavy vegetation.	A more specialized anchor. When not used in specialized conditions, Kedge anchors should be heavier (sometime much heavier) than modern anchors to hold as well.
Rocna, Manson Supreme, Wasi, Bügelanker, Sarca	All	These Anchors have a bow or roll bar that help the anchor quickly position itself to allow the spade to start digging in and helps prevents the anchor from dragging on its side or turn around up side down. Because they set quickly and hold in difficult bottoms these anchors are much appreciated. Rocna is recommended by the New Zeland Coast Guard.	Rocna seems to be having some growing pains with a warning sent out by West Marine about a change in metals. Still an impressive anchor.
Navy	All	A traditional type of anchor favoured because it easily fits into its hawsepipe against the side of ships. It relies mostly on its weavy weight to hold.	Navy anchors are not much use in modern yachts because they need to be very heavy to be effective.
Hydrobubble	Same as plows, Most	Hydrobubble has a buoyancy tank that helps the anchor go down in the water avoiding the fluttering that other plows and spade anchors have. It land in good position and start plowing in immediately. This helps it set quickly. Otherwise similar to other plows in holding and types of bottom. Can be dis-assembled and reassembled with plow inverted to be used as a beach anchor.	It has been tested and has caused some surprise because of its light weight and holding power. It is compact and fits in a locker.

Interpreting Anchor Tests

There are several tests comparing anchors and they offer valuable information for comparison

Keep in mind that testing conditions are very different and various anchors are better in different conditions.

Sea floor material, how the anchor is set and the depth of the anchor all come in play. The length and weight of the chain and total rode can make a great deal of difference.

Anchors of different sizes are often compared. Read the small print and look at who is comparing, they sometimes have a vested interest.

Setting an Anchor

For a more in depth anchoring article see my anchoring page.

Setting anchors can be difficult and many factors can come into play. Make sure you know how to set your type of anchor and have sufficient and proper type of rode.

Its useful to look at the charts in order to know the kind of bottom and how deep the water is, don't forget to add the height of the tide to your water depth calculations.

The recommended amount of rode (line + chain) depends on the water depth. As a general rule, your rode should be 7 to 10 times the depth of the water at high tide. If the weather is bad or the waves are higher, longer rode is better.

Since most anchors set after being dragged horizontally it is important to have enough chain to keep the pull horizontal. There are practical limits to how much chain a small yacht can carry and handle but longer is better.

To set an anchor it is dropped to the bottom, then the boat is allowed to slowly drift or slowly powers downwind or downcurrent feeding out line. Once the line is out, the boat is allowed to drag the anchor to set it. Sometimes this is done when half of the line is fed out then the rest of the line is played out.

It is important to check periodically to make sure the anchor is holding and has set properly. In particular if there is a change in the current direction such as tide change, or if the wind pushes the boat around then the anchor can be dislodged.

When anchoring check that your boat can safely swing around on its rode and not ground itself or bump into other boats

Lloyd's Register of Shipping High Holding Power anchors.

These types include CQR, Bow Ancho, Delta and Danforth anchors.

This is not a complete lesson on how to anchor, get proper training!

---

I try to be accurate and check my information, but mistakes happen.

email me if you find mistakes, I'll fix them and we'll all benefit: Christine